Canada is the second-largest country globally, covering approximately 9.98 million square kilometers. It comprises ten provinces and three territories, boasting diverse landscapes from the Rocky Mountains to vast prairies and extensive coastlines.
Indigenous peoples have inhabited Canada for thousands of years. European exploration began in the 15th century, with French and British settlements emerging. The British North America Act of 1867 united four provinces into a single nation, evolving into a multicultural and bilingual country today.
Canada is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The British monarch is the ceremonial head of state, while governance is structured into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
As of 2021, Canada had approximately 36.9 million people, surpassing 40 million in 2023. Over 80% of residents live in urban areas, with major cities including Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Canada's multicultural identity is shaped by its immigration policies. Major ethnic groups include English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, Chinese, and Indian. Visible minorities constitute 26.5% of the population.
Canada is officially bilingual, with English and French as the federal languages. Indigenous and immigrant languages, such as Punjabi and Mandarin, contribute to the nation's linguistic diversity.
Immigration has been crucial to Canada’s development, with waves of European settlers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Post-WWII policies diversified the immigration landscape.
Governed by the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA), Canada’s immigration policies ensure economic and humanitarian needs are met. Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs) allow regions to address labor market demands.